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Lived Experiences Of Ableism In Academia Strategies For Inclusion In Higher Education

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Lived Experiences of Ableism in Academia: Strategies for Inclusion in Higher Education

Overview

This comprehensive resource examines how systemic ableism operates within higher education institutions through the lived experiences of disabled and neurodivergent academics. Rather than positioning disability as individual limitation, these narratives demonstrate how neoliberal productivity pressures, emotional silencing, inaccessible infrastructure, and normalized ableist assumptions actively disable people within academic environments.

The book advocates for structural change through embodied research methods, universal design principles, institutional accountability, and community-centered approaches that recognize disabled academics as valuable contributors rather than problems to accommodate.

Understanding Ableism in Academic Structures

Ableism As Structural Rather Than Individual

Ableism—the belief that able-bodiedness is the norm and that disabilities represent deficiency—is endemic to contemporary higher education, operating through both overt discrimination and subtle microaggressions. The academic culture valorizes the “hyperprofessional”: someone constantly connected, highly productive, emotionally detached, and willing to blur work-life boundaries.

Disabled academics face implicit assumptions that they don’t belong in academia unless they can function without accommodations. The parking pass anecdote exemplifies bureaucratic suspicion: a disabled faculty member must repeatedly “prove” her amputation hasn’t miraculously regenerated, treating disabled people as inherently suspect rather than deserving dignity.

Key manifestations of structural ableism:

  • Colleagues reaching for phones during prosthetic malfunctions
  • Visible disability being conflated with incompetence
  • Disabled academics being expected to perform “relentless, cheerful gratitude” for basic rights
  • Disability Confident schemes that exist in name only without substantive change

When disabled people “cannot keep up” with academic pace, the problem lies with unsustainable institutional demands and inaccessible design, not with disabled people’s worth or capability.

The Intensification and Extensification of Academic Labor

Marketization of higher education has created unsustainable working conditions through “fast management”—academia without walls where academics are “always on,” expected to respond to emails at all hours, manage growing workloads, and maintain productivity despite chronic underfunding. Work has intensified (more tasks, shorter deadlines) and extensified (work bleeds into evenings, weekends, home spaces).

Time itself becomes a disabling factor: disabled academics cannot simply work “harder” or faster to keep up. This particularly harms disabled scholars whose reduced capacity—whether from pain, fatigue, Sensory processing differences, or cognitive demands of managing symptoms—directly conflicts with institutional expectations of relentless productivity.

For disabled academics, this intensification creates a Catch-22 between accommodation and advancement. Every accommodation request triggers questions: “Why?” “Have you tried…?” “Isn’t that unfair to other students?” Colleagues treat legal entitlements under the Equality Act 2010 as “impossible demands” rather than requirements.

Emotional Labor and Mental Health in Academic Culture

The Silencing of Emotion and Institutional Culture

Academia has long positioned itself as objective, rational, and emotion-free—a legacy of positivist science demanding researchers be “neutral mediums” devoid of feeling. However, academics perform substantial emotional labor: caring for distressed students, reassuring colleagues, counseling those experiencing grief. Women and academics from minority backgrounds disproportionately shoulder this burden, often institutionally expected to “make diversity visible” while their emotional contributions remain unrecognized and uncounted.

The suppression of emotion means disabled academics cannot openly discuss Anxiety, stress, shame, and feelings of failure—emotions directly caused by ableist structures. Expressing struggle is read as incompetence, vulnerability, or weakness. The culture demands performing as the “happy worker,” holding back anger and despair while maintaining composure.

This emotional silencing intensifies isolation: disabled academics internalize shame as personal failure rather than recognizing structural problems. Creating “shared emotional spaces”—formal forums, peer Support groups, coffee breaks—where academics can vulnerably discuss struggles could reduce isolation and foster collective resistance.

Mental Health Crisis in Higher Education

Mental health data underscores this crisis: PhD students are over twice as likely to experience depression compared to highly educated general populations (relative risk 2.43) and 2.84 times more likely than highly educated employed individuals.

The Depressed Academics blog, established in 2013, attracted 73,218 views for a post articulating passive suicidal ideation (“I don’t necessarily want to kill myself; I just want to become dead somehow”)—demonstrating that many academics experience severe mental distress but lack legitimate forums for articulation.

However, the text includes a crucial warning: community building and visibility, while vital, cannot guarantee safety. A blog contributor with strong community Support, clear coping strategies, and infectious enthusiasm still died by suicide, illustrating that structural Support has limits for severe mental illness.

Neurodiversity in Academic Spaces

Understanding Neurodivergence and the Double Empathy Problem

Autism is a developmental phenomenon creating distinctive ways of thinking, moving, interacting, and processing sensorially and cognitively. The “double empathy problem” (Milton, 2012) explains that Autistic people communicate well with other Autistic people but face difficulties in cross-neurotype interactions with non-Autistic people.

The neurodiversity paradigm recognizes all brains differ; there is no “normal” brain or behavior. Most Autistic experiences and behaviors relate to sensory processing differences—hypersensitivity to visual, auditory, olfactory stimuli, difficulties with rapid context-switching, challenges with uncontrolled change, and need for larger personal space.

Sensory Processing and Executive Functioning Challenges

Autistic academics face institutional and Sensory challenges invisible to Neurotypical colleagues:

  • Open-plan offices with fluorescent lights
  • Unpredictable scheduling
  • Rapid task-switching demanding constant adaptation and energy expenditure

Two hours of teaching effectively equals three days of “spoons” (energy units per Christine Miserandino’s disability metaphor) for Autistic academics due to room changes, adjacent noise, Sensory issues, perfectionism, and time management difficulties.

Autistic Burnout and Executive Functioning

Autistic burnout differs from typical Burnout—it’s episodic and follows extreme Sensory/social exhaustion, often requiring weeks or months of downtime. Meltdown is emotional explosion; shutdown is emotional implosion under extreme stress.

Executive functioning differences including “Autistic inertia” (extreme difficulty starting, stopping, or switching tasks) make standard academic demands incredibly stressful. Marking tasks take disproportionate time due to reading/motor processing differences; teaching preparation extends significantly; and networking—combining all Autistic challenges—can cost career opportunities when avoidance leads to missed professional events.

Embodiment and Research Methods

Embodiment As Research Method and Knowledge Production

Embodiment is both a state of being and continuous process—conscious self-awareness of thoughts, feelings, emotions, and sensations arising from the body as we move through the world. Rather than treating the body as irrelevant to academic work (a legacy of Cartesian mind-body dualism), embodied inquiry acknowledges that all knowledge production happens through material bodies.

For disabled academics, embodied research validates lived experience as legitimate knowledge and reveals how ableist structures systematically disable people. Autoethnography and autobiographical narrative serve as intervention: disabled scholars become active speakers rather than passive subjects of others’ scrutiny.

Risks of Embodied Scholarship

However, embodied scholarship carries institutional risk. Demanding “honesty, openness and vulnerability” to be authentic creates “a further emotional burden than if we were to make more ‘objective’ or less embodied choices.” When disseminating embodied work in competitive academic environments, researchers expose vulnerabilities in a “judgmental and critical academic environment,” particularly risky for precarious or marginalized scholars.

Disproportionate “too personal” critiques are leveled at Black, Indigenous, People of Colour (BIPOC), and feminist researchers, while research by White researchers on White people isn’t similarly dismissed—revealing how ableist and racist assumptions structure whose knowledge “counts.”

Disability Disclosure Strategies

Disclosure As Rational Cost-Benefit Analysis

Disabled academics face a calculus: disclose and potentially face stigma, discrimination, and assumptions of incompetence, or remain silent and miss accommodations and Support. The data reveals that disclosure rates drop significantly as students progress from undergraduate to postgraduate to academic staff positions.

The “cost” of disclosure includes:

  • Being disbelieved (invisible or contested conditions are often dismissed as malingering)
  • Having accomplishments weaponized to shame other disabled academics
  • Facing implicit bias in hiring, tenure, and promotion decisions

Passing Strategies and Their Limitations

For many invisible disabilities, disclosure creates a loss of agency: the moment one speaks, the choice to be perceived as non-disabled is eliminated. Conversely, non-disclosure allows passing strategies—strategic concealment of impairment to pass for “normal,” supported by social conventions of silence.

The author of the invisible disability narrative adopted such a strategy for over four years, concentrating all energy into teaching excellence while social life, research engagement, and self-care became “almost completely non-existent.” This strategy is fundamentally unsustainable due to the finite energy economy of chronic pain and chronic fatigue.

Intersectionality and Compounded Exclusion

Multiple Forms of Marginalization

Disability intersects with race, gender, age, sexuality, immigration status, and class to multiply exclusion. Black professors represent only 0.6% of UK professors; heads of color comprise 3.1% of institutional leadership. Among disabled academic staff, 5.3% on teaching-only contracts disclose disability compared to 3.2% on research-only contracts.

Case Study: Collagenous Colitis and Academic Life

Collagenous colitis—a rare inflammatory bowel disease (4-10 cases per 100,000) affecting primarily women aged 55-70—causes urgent, uncontrollable watery diarrhea up to 15 times daily, nocturnal incontinence, severe cramping, and fatigue. It’s uniquely imprisoning for academics because academics cannot remain close to toilets.

The invisibility of older women with chronic illness in academia compounds marginalization: one academic noted becoming increasingly invisible after announcing retirement, receiving only 5-minute appraisals in student common rooms.

Communication and Professional Identity

Hearing Loss, Deafness, and Academic Inaccessibility

The text distinguishes between “hearing loss/hard of hearing” (mild to severe hearing impairment of 26-80 decibels) and “deaf/Deaf” (profound hearing loss of 81+ decibels). Critically, “Deaf” with a capital D represents cultural identity tied to British Sign Language fluency and Deaf community values.

Only 8% of students with hearing loss in US higher education have disclosed it, indicating widespread non-disclosure driven by stigma and workplace culture favoring non-disclosure.

Voice Disorders and Professional Identity

Voice disorders are occupational health crises for teachers and lecturers, classified as “Professional Voice Users Level 2.” Voice disorders—including vocal cord nodules, laryngopharyngeal reflux, and chronic fatigue—force extended periods away from work. Voice rest (complete silence) is psychologically damaging for academics, causing loss of confidence and academic identity.

Stammering and Academic Identity

Stammering disrupts the development of an “academic voice”—the instrumental persona required for credibility in academia. Using Goffman’s theory of impression management, the text explains how people who stammer experience internal dialogue and external social responses complicating academic identity formation.

The “conceal dilemma” describes tension between disclosing a stammer to access Support versus concealing it to avoid stigma and discrimination.

Specific Learning Differences in Academia

Dyslexia in Academic Teaching

Dyslexia is a neurobiological specific learning disability characterized by difficulties with accurate and fluent word recognition, poor spelling, and decoding abilities—often unexpected relative to other cognitive abilities. Despite these challenges, many people with dyslexia exhibit strong visual, creative, and problem-solving skills valuable in academia.

Four Common Coping Strategies for Dyslexic Academics:

  1. Setting Aside Extra Time to Check Material: While necessary, this becomes ableist if not formally recognized as reasonable adjustment in workload planning.

  2. Getting a Colleague to Check Your Work: This presents significant emotional and professional risks—creating dependency, damaging self-efficacy, placing unpaid labor burden on colleagues.

  3. Writing Down and Preparing Material: Pre-recording lectures offers substantial advantages—refreshing knowledge, serving as backup for memory failure, and supporting diverse student learning modalities.

  4. Disclosing Dyslexia to Students: A dyslexic chemist found disclosure transformative and ultimately positive, experiencing increased authenticity, improved credibility, and helpful student Support.

Professional Education and Systemic Barriers

Nursing Education and Autistic Students

The medical-tragedy model discourse shapes academic culture: disability equals deficiency requiring “overcoming,” and adaptations are special treatment, not rights. This affects Autistic nursing students particularly severely, as value-based recruitment emphasizes group leadership, Eye contact, and particular communication styles.

Approximately 40% of Autistic people report bullying in educational settings. Beginning higher education anonymously is understandable, yet without initial disclosure, institutions later question integrity and unsuitability if challenges arise.

Strategies for Institutional Change

Creating Self-Disclosure Schemes and Institutional Accountability

One disabled academic developed a university-wide self-disclosure scheme for staff and students with registered impairments to communicate accommodation needs via intranet. Despite committee endorsement, implementation remains stalled—illustrating the policy-implementation gap.

Assistive Technology and Universal Design for Learning

Assistive technology is transformative:

  • Text-to-voice software enables rapid essay marking
  • Voice-to-text for writing
  • OCR for historical texts
  • Bluetooth hearing aids with smartphone app controls
  • Dyslexia-friendly fonts (Dyslexie, OpenDyslexic)

Universal Design for Learning principles—accessible typefaces, captioned images, screen-reader compatible PDFs—benefit all students while providing essential access for disabled students.

Proactive Institutional Support Rather Than Reactive Response

Being “upfront with peers or colleagues you trust” about how disabilities impede specific tasks begins shifting perceptions and shapes peer interaction. However, disclosure remains insufficient without institutional proactivity.

For Autistic academics specifically, “Guidance for Viva examination of Autistic/neurodivergent PhD Students” recommends:

  • Familiar room choice
  • Explanation of atypical Eye contact
  • Clear, specific instructions on exam process
  • Access to stim objects and noise-reducing headphones

Building Inclusive Academic Communities

Complementary Partnership Models

Two disabled colleagues—one with brain injury affecting sight, balance, and fine motor control; another with bilateral hip arthroplasty limiting bending and standing—created work neither could accomplish alone: the first uses text-to-voice software to read rapidly while marking essays; the second performs visual tasks like finding information on university websites.

Community Building for Mental Health Support

Maintaining mental health advocacy communities requires:

  • Clear moderation policies upfront
  • Multiple anonymity options
  • A critical mass moderator/contributor team
  • Acceptance of diverse viewpoints without policing
  • Early scope and responsibility clarification

Arts Academia and Representation Gaps

Disabled Musicians and Composers

In arts academia, disabled musicians and composers comprise roughly 4% of workforce despite 19% of working-age population being disabled. Only 35 “disabled self-definition” organizations received funding from 828 total arts council portfolio organizations (0.25% disabled-led).

Historic figures and disability discourse remain largely absent: composers became disabled (Beethoven deaf, Holst with muscular problems), yet discussions imply these were aging issues rather than disability.

Disabled Aesthetics and Community-Led Innovation

Disabled aesthetics scholar Siebers (2010) notes modernism is inherently “disabled aesthetic,” though this adoption of existing movements fails disabled artists because authenticity requires disabled communities to define their own artistic standards.

Organizations like Drake Music, Drake Music Scotland, BSO Resound, ParaOrchestra, and National Open Youth Orchestra develop accessible instruments, learning methods, and notation systems (notably Figurenotes™), demonstrating innovation is possible but underfunded.

Key Insights and Counterintuitive Perspectives

Disclosure Does Not Guarantee Support

Common assumption: Disclosing disability enables access to accommodations and Support. Reality: Disclosure often triggers suspicion, discrimination, and demands for “proof” of disability that reinforce ableist hierarchies.

Non-Disclosure Among Academic Staff Indicates Widespread Disability

Common assumption: Disability is rare in academia; otherwise we’d see more disabled academics. Reality: Disability disclosure rates drop significantly from undergraduate to postgraduate to academic staff positions, reflecting rational calculation that universities are hostile rather than indicating disabled people leave academia.

Neurodivergence Is Not Social Communication Deficit

Common assumption: Autistic people have Social communication deficits. Reality: The “double empathy problem” reveals Autistic people communicate excellently with other Autistic people but face difficulties in cross-neurotype interactions.

Resources and Support Systems

Professional Support Organizations

Music and Arts Organizations

Online Communities